Application of bio and chemical fertilizers improves yield, and essential oil quantity and quality of Moldavian balm ( <i>Dracocephalum moldavica</i> L.) intercropped with mung bean ( <i>Vigna radiata</i> L.)

Intercropping Moldavian balm with mung bean is an ecological approach for improving resource productivity. A field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2018 and 2019) to determine the effect of fertilizer application on yield essential oil (EO) productivity intercropped bean. The had a two-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) three replicates. first factor comprised five cropping patterns: sole crop (MBs), (MGs), one row each +mung (1MB:1MG), rows (2MB:2MG), +two (3MB:2MG). second four sources: no (C, control), 100% chemical (NPK), 50% +100% bacterial (NPK+BF), mycorrhizal fungi (BF+MF). fertilized NPK+BF produced highest seed yields MG (1189 kg/ha) MB (7027 kg/ha), while 3MB:2MG nutrient contents. EO content in 2MB:2MG NPK+BF. mainly geranyl acetate (30–39%), geranial (20–31%), neral (18–24%), geraniol (3–8%). In addition, intercropping treatment land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.35). We recommend recommended as alternative eco-friendly strategy farmers improve quantity quality.